The Moon returns to the evening sky this week, vaulting into the
evening sky after new Moon, which occurs on the 10th at 5:35 am
Eastern Daylight Time. Look for theslender 1.5-day-old crescent in
twilight on the 11th. On the evening of the 13th Luna lies between
the bright star Aldebaran and the Pleiades star cluster in the
constellation of Taurus, the Bull. The next evening she is just three
degrees away from the bright planetJupiter, giving us a nice "photo
opportunity". While watching the Moon this week, look for the ghostly
illumination of "Earthshine" on the dark portion of the Moon's disc.
That phenomenon is literally areflection on us as it is caused by
sunlight reflecting from our home planet and bathing the part of Luna
that's not directly illuminated by sunlight. It's quite easy to spot
during the Moon's crescent phases,but it becomes more difficult to
seeby the time the Moon reaches First Quarter. When do you lose sight
ofit?
Before the Moon climbs back into the sky you have one last chance
tobid a wintertime friend goodbye for the season. The bright stars of
Orion, the Hunter are now dipping to the southwest as twilight ends,
affording you about an hour to explore his bright stars and famous
Great Nebula. Easily recognized by his three "Belt Stars", the
ice-blue supergiant stars Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka, Orion also
hosts the prototype red supergiant star Betelgeuse and the incredibly
luminous Rigel. Betelgeuse is a highly-evolved star; having exhausted
the nuclear fuel in its core, its fusion reactions now take place in
concentric shells around a core of heavy elements. This has forced
the star to bloat out to hugeproportions. If it occupied the position
of the Sun in our solar system, its outer layers would approach the
orbit of Mars! Rigel and the three belt stars will soon follow in
Betelgeuse's wake. They burn hydrogen in their cores at a voracious
rate, pumping out between 75,000 to 150,000 times the energy of the
Sun. This is why they appear so bright in our sky. Even though they
are between 1500to 2000 light-years away from us, they are among the
30 brightest stars in the sky! Most of Orion's stars originated in a
region that forms the middle "star" in the Hunter's "sword", which
dangles below the left-side belt star Alnitak. Look at this region
with binoculars and you will see a soft swirl of light surrounding
several stars. Through a telescope this swirl takes on an almost
three-dimensional structure that becomesmore intricate with each
increase inaperture. The "Great Nebula" is a stellar nursery in which
hot, energetic protostars are forming allthe time. There is enough
material in the visible parts of the nebula to forge some 10,000 stars
of the Sun's mass or greater. The visible part of the nebula is just
the tip of the proverbial iceberg in this part ofthe sky. Wide-angle,
deep-sky images of Orion and his surroundings show a pervasive
background haze of nebulosity, making it one of the largest star
factories in our galaxy. Now's the time to give it a final look
before the Hunter returns to the evening sky in late fall.
Bright Jupiter follows Orion toward the western horizon in the early
evening sky. The giant planet is still the brightest object in the
evening after the Moon, and it's hard to miss him once the sky darkens
during the twilight hour. He still presents an impressive sight
through the telescope eyepiece, surrounded by his four bright Galilean
moons. The best time to view him now is during deep evening twilight.
By 8:30 pm he's only 40 degrees above the western horizon. By 10:00
pm he's just 20 degrees up and subject to the swirling turbulence of
the air above the horizon. Old Jove presents an interesting view on
the evening of the 11th, when only his two outermost moons, Ganymede
and Callisto, are visible. Io and Europa will be hiding behind the
planet's vast bulk.
Golden Saturn now rises in the southeast at around 9:00 pm. The
ringed planet will reach opposition on April 28th, so we are now
entering prime observing season forthe second-largest planet.
Features on Saturn are much more subtle than those on Jupiter, but
most of us are completely distracted by the planet's rings, which have
puzzled and delighted astronomers since their true nature was first
deduced by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens 1655. Huygens also
discovered Saturn's largest moon Titan, which we now know is the only
moon in thesolar system to possess an atmosphere.
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